Assessment of the Rate of Bound Substrate Interconversion and of ATP Acceleration of Product Release during Catalysis by Mitochondrial Adenosine

The oxygen exchange parameters for the hydrolysis of ATP by the F1-ATPase have been determined over a 140,000-fold range of ATP concentrations and a 5,000-fold range of reaction velocity. The average number of water oxygens incorporated into each Pi product ranges from a limit of about 1.02 at saturating ATP concentrations to a limit of about 3.97 at very low ATP concentrations. The latter value represents 400 reversals of hydrolysis of bound ATP prior to Pi dissociation. In accord with the binding change mechanism, this means that ATP binding at one catalytic site increases the off constant of PI and ADP from another catalytic site by at least 20,000-fold, equivalent to the use of 6 kcal mol" of ATP binding energy to promote product release. The estimated rate of reversal of hydrolysis of F1-ATPase-bound ATP to bound ADP + PI varies only about 5-fold with ATP concentration. The rate is similar that observed previously for reversal of bound ATP hydrolysis or synthesis with the membrane-bound enzyme and is greater than the rate of net ATP formation during oxidative phosphorylation. This adds to evidence that energy input or membrane components are not required for bound ATP synthesis.